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        1 - An Evaluation of Fakhr al-Din Razi’s Criticisms of Ibn Sina’s Definition of Time
        Mahmoud  Saidiy Seyyed Mohammad  Musawy
        Following Aristotle, Ibn Sina maintained that time is the number of motion which is attained by the continuous movement of a moving agent over a distance. He adduced two arguments in order to demonstrate his theory: one was based on the difference between the motions of More
        Following Aristotle, Ibn Sina maintained that time is the number of motion which is attained by the continuous movement of a moving agent over a distance. He adduced two arguments in order to demonstrate his theory: one was based on the difference between the motions of moving things in terms of speed, and the other was based on the divisibility of the distance of movement. In contrast, through advancing various objections, Fakhr al-Din Razi challenged this theory not only with regard to its two underlying arguments but also with respect to the theory of time being the number of motion. The present paper aims to demonstrate that Fakhr al-Din Razi’s criticisms originate in his lack of enough scrutiny of Ibn Sina’s principles, particularly regarding the opposition of non-existence and habit between motion and rest, time as necessary by the other and not necessary by itself, the difference between universal and particular times of each motion, and the existence of logical fallacy in some arguments. However, the final response to some of his criticisms are given based on the principles of the Transcendent Philosophy regarding the analytic differences between motion, time, and time as the fourth dimension of being. Manuscript profile
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        2 - An Evaluation of Fakhr al-Dīn Rāzī’s Criticisms of Ibn Sīnā’s Argument Regarding the Finitude of Dimensions
        Mahmoud  Saidiy
        The finitude of dimensions is one of the oldest problems of natural philosophy, the consequences of which have entered the realm of divine philosophy. The question is whether the dimensions of the world and each natural body is finite and limited or infinite and limitle More
        The finitude of dimensions is one of the oldest problems of natural philosophy, the consequences of which have entered the realm of divine philosophy. The question is whether the dimensions of the world and each natural body is finite and limited or infinite and limitless. Aristotle was the first philosopher who studied this problem in the history of philosophy and ruled out the infinity of the dimensions of bodies and the natural world. In the same view, Ibn Sīnā maintained that the dimensions of body are finite and presented the three-fold arguments of correspondence, parallelism, and hierarchy in order to demonstrate this theory. Fakhr al-Dīn Rāzī, who is the most important critic of Ibn Sīnā in the history of philosophy, advanced some criticisms against this theory of Ibn Sīnā. This study proves that most of Fakhr al-Rāzī’s misconceptions in this regard originate in mixing the mind with the outside and the principles of the nine-fold categories with the category of quantity. Manuscript profile
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        3 - An Evaluation of Fakhr al-Dīn Rāzī’s Criticisms of Ibn Sīnā’s Arguments on the Falsity of Vacuum
        Mahmud  Seidy
        One of the problems that has always been discussed during the history of Islamic philosophy is the possibility or impossibility of vacuum. The problem is whether one can imagine a place or space in which there is no body. Aristotle was one of the philosophers that criti More
        One of the problems that has always been discussed during the history of Islamic philosophy is the possibility or impossibility of vacuum. The problem is whether one can imagine a place or space in which there is no body. Aristotle was one of the philosophers that criticized the theory of vacuum and presented some arguments in this regard. Following Aristotle, Ibn Sīnā discussed this problem and provided some arguments in support of his views. These arguments have been adduced on the equality or sameness of the dimensions of vacuum, mobility of bodies in vacuum, forcible motion in open air, and non-temporality of physical motion in vacuum. Fakhr al-Dīn Rāzī has referred to several defects of these arguments, which are critically investigated in this paper. Manuscript profile
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        4 - مطالعۀ تطبیقی مسئلۀ شر از دیدگاه فلوطین و ابن‌سینا (با تأکید بر وجه تاریخی آن)
        Mahmoud Saidi
        پژوهش حاضر به بررسی تطبیقی دیدگاه فلوطین و ابن‌سینا در مورد مسئلۀ شر میپردازد. برغم تفاوتهای موجود در اندیشۀ این‌دو فیلسوف، اشتراکات زیادی نیز بین آنها دیده میشود و میتوان گفت ابن‌سینا در پاسخ به مسئلۀ شر متأثر از فلوطین است. بدیهی‌بودن وجود شرور، انحصار تحقق شرور در عا More
        پژوهش حاضر به بررسی تطبیقی دیدگاه فلوطین و ابن‌سینا در مورد مسئلۀ شر میپردازد. برغم تفاوتهای موجود در اندیشۀ این‌دو فیلسوف، اشتراکات زیادی نیز بین آنها دیده میشود و میتوان گفت ابن‌سینا در پاسخ به مسئلۀ شر متأثر از فلوطین است. بدیهی‌بودن وجود شرور، انحصار تحقق شرور در عالم ماده و عدم تحقق آنها در عالم مجردات، عدمی و غیروجودی بودن شرور و خیربودن هستی همۀ موجودات با نگرش کلی به عالم، از اشتراکات دیدگاههای این‌دو فیلسوف در این حوزه است. اما اختلافاتی نیز میان دیدگاه این‌دو وجود دارد. ابن‌سینا بر خلاف فلوطین، ماده را شر بالذات و عدمی نمیداند، بلکه ماده از نظر او شر اضافی و قیاسی بوده و امری وجودی است. فلوطین نسبت میان خیر و شر را از نوع تضاد میداند، ولی از نظر ابن‌سینا این‌دو، نسبت عدم و ملکه با یکدیگر دارند. دیگر اینکه، از نظر فلوطین ماده یا همان شر بالذات، از روح جزئی ایجاد میشود اما طبق نظر ابن‌سینا، امکان ذاتی عقل فعال، سبب صدور ماده و وجوب غیری آن، سبب صدور صورت میگردد که در برخی موارد شر بر آن عارض میگردد. Manuscript profile