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Open Access Article
1 - يادداشت سردبير
Hossein Kalbasi Ashtariدر میان منابع و مصادر مربوط به تاریخ فلسفه، عنوان عقیده/عقایدنگاری (معادل doxography) شامل آثاری است با موضوع گزارش آراء و انظار فیلسوفان، طبقه‌بندی و احیاناً، قرار دادن آنها ذیل مکتب و مشربی خاص. از نخستین آثاری که عموماً در این زمینه بدان اشاره و استناد میکنند، کتاب ح Moreدر میان منابع و مصادر مربوط به تاریخ فلسفه، عنوان عقیده/عقایدنگاری (معادل doxography) شامل آثاری است با موضوع گزارش آراء و انظار فیلسوفان، طبقه‌بندی و احیاناً، قرار دادن آنها ذیل مکتب و مشربی خاص. از نخستین آثاری که عموماً در این زمینه بدان اشاره و استناد میکنند، کتاب حیات فیلسوفان نامدار، متعلق به دیوگنس لائرتیوس (سدۀ سوم میلادی) است که ترجمۀ احوال و آراء حدود 50 تن از فیلسوفان و خردمندان قدیم یونان تا زمان حیات مؤلف، را گزارش میکند. همچنین است کتابی با همین عنوان، اثر پلوتارک/ بلوتارخوس (سدۀ اول و دوم میلادی) در احوال سرداران و فرمانروایان و برخی خردمندان باستان؛ از قضا، برگردان هر دو اثر به زبان فارسی نیز انجام شده است. اثر اخیر از این امتیاز برخوردار است که از گزارش احوال ناموران، نتیجه‌یی اخلاقی در راستای اصلاح امور مردمان قصد شده است. اگرچه قبل از این دو نیز میتوان نوعی از این سنخ گزارشها را در لابلای متون فیلسوفان باستان مشاهده کرد، اما توافق بر این مطلب وجود دارد که مقدم بر آنها، دست‌کم نگارش کتابی با این منظور نمیشناسیم. اکنون دربارۀ مبادی و روشها و مقاصد این آثار تحقیقاتی صورت گرفته و میگیرد که بویژه در جهت فهم و مقایسۀ روشها و مقاصد آنها با دورۀ جدید و معاصر بسیار مفید است. کافی است توجه کنیم که امروزه هیچ تاریخ فلسفه‌یی بقصد تعلیمات اخلاقی و بهبود و تحول در مناسبات اجتماعی و سیاسی مردمان، نوشته نمیشود. کتابهایی که از زمان افلاطون به اینسو، با نگاه اتوپیایی و برپاساختن مدینۀ آرمانی نگاشته شده، با زوال اندیشۀ اتوپی فروکش کرد و بیان چارچوب و گزارش چگونگی و تحول آنها نیز در سیر و تطور اندیشه‌های فلسفی کمرنگ شد. قرینۀ این سنخ از منابع در دورۀ اسلامی، بغیر از آثار طبقۀ رجال و تراجم، مجموعه‌یی است که میتوان آنها را تحت عنوان فرقه‌نگاری قرار داد. آثاری مانند الفرق بین الفرق بغدادی، مقالات الاسلامیین اشعری و الملل و النحل شهرستانی از اینگونه‌اند که با چارچوبی قبلی، به تفکیک و طبقه‌بندی مذاهب و جریانهای عمدتاً کلامی و اعتقادی پرداخته‌اند و بطور مسلم، با مبادی نظری و روشی و مقاصد آثار عقایدنگار متفاوتند. پرسشی که در قالب یکی از آثار منتشره جدید به زبان انگلیسی مطرح شده و با ذکر نمونه‌هایی خاص به بررسی موضوع پرداخته، اینست که آیا در آثار کسانی مانند ابن‌سینا و ابن‌طفیل و عبدالکریم شهرستانی، میتوان به صورتی از ادبیات عقایدنگارانه دست یافت و آثار آنها را در ردیف چنین منابعی دانست یا نه؟ بررسی و دست یافتن به پاسخی مستند و متقن در این زمینه، از این حیث اهمیت دارد که از طریق تطبیق و مقایسۀ روشها و ساختار این منابع، به نحوۀ تلقی مؤلفان آنها از چگونگی سیر و تحول آراء و بطورکلی؛ نحوۀ فهم تاریخی آنان میتوان پی برد و باز، از رهگذر نتایج اخیر، به دریافت طیفی از دغدغه‌ها و پرسشهای انسان معاصر نایل آمد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Investigating the Comparative History of Philosophy with Emphasis on Friedrich Schleel's view
Reza Gandomi NasrabadiOne of the types of comparative philosophy is a comparison based on the classification of philosophical systems.In the first decade of the nineteenth century Gerando and Eschlegel have founded the comparative history of philosophy by focusing on the typology of philosop MoreOne of the types of comparative philosophy is a comparison based on the classification of philosophical systems.In the first decade of the nineteenth century Gerando and Eschlegel have founded the comparative history of philosophy by focusing on the typology of philosophies and their comparative analysis.Typology provides the ground for freeing the thinker from the limitations of a philosophical system And it puts him in a position that can evaluate the contributions of other philosophers.The comparative history of philosophy is based on the principle that in order to determine the position and share of a philosopher in the history of philosophy,one should not be judged on the basis of his valid and correct arguments,but his participation in the history of philosophy must be compared with the participation and role of other philosophers.Therefore,the purpose of the comparative history of philosophy is not to identify philosophical systems in a historical order,but to criticize all previous philosophies and express their relationship with one another On this basis, in comparative analysis is considered how a philosophical system emerge from another and its expansion and decline.In this area, the similarities and differences of the comparative history of philosophy with comparative philosophy in the new sense of the word and the comparative history of world philosophy is reviewed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Historical roots of the theory of substantial movement
Mansour ImanpourUndoubtedly, the interpretation of the reality of the natural world is considered one of the basic topics of metaphysics and has always been discussed since the beginning of philosophy and mysticism. Based on the theory of essential movement, Mulla Sadra considered the MoreUndoubtedly, the interpretation of the reality of the natural world is considered one of the basic topics of metaphysics and has always been discussed since the beginning of philosophy and mysticism. Based on the theory of essential movement, Mulla Sadra considered the whole world of nature to be equal to movement and becoming and believed that the whole world of nature moves towards the constant world. Now the question is whether this theory is a completely innovative theory or does it have a historical background? The answer of this article with a descriptive-analytical approach is that in ancient Greece, some philosophers believed in the movement of all creatures in the natural world. In the Islamic context, some philosophers believed in the movement in the realm of accidents and rejected the movement of substance with all kinds of disputes and arguments. Another group looked at the world from another point of view and considered the whole universe changeable with a mystical view and with the help of intuitive experiences. Mulla Sadra, using this background and prepared treasure, presented and revised the Essential movement in accordance with his existential philosophy, and by proving it and putting it as a basis for many philosophical issues, he made another plan and based on that, the existence in a macro view is divided into two the changeable and the constant parts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Eternal Ferment and Critique of Eastern-Western Interpretation of Suhrawardi's Wisdom of Illumination
Ali BabaeiThe teachings of the Suhrawardi's Illumination wisdom have always been of interest to prominent Islamic and Western thinkers and scholars; In the contemporary period, two Western scholars in the field of Islamic philosophy have presented influential research on the tea MoreThe teachings of the Suhrawardi's Illumination wisdom have always been of interest to prominent Islamic and Western thinkers and scholars; In the contemporary period, two Western scholars in the field of Islamic philosophy have presented influential research on the teachings of the wisdom of Illumination; One of them is Henry Corbin, the author of the book "En Islam Iranian: Aspects spirituels et philosophiques", and the other is John Walbridge, the author of several works on the wisdom of Illumination, including the book The Wisdom of the Mystical East. In Suhrawardi's Wisdom of Illumination, an important interpretation of the "Eternal Ferment" has been used, which is related to the two interpretations of "Khosravani's Wisdom" and "Pythagorean Wisdom"; And this connection has become the basis for each of the mentioned scholars to interpret the teachings of the wisdom of Illumination with Iranian and Greek roots; In the book, Henry Corbin introduces Suhrawardi's goal of establishing the Wisdom of Illumination as reviving the wisdom of ancient Iran, and John Walbridge emphasizes the Greek roots of the Wisdom of Illumination in his work. An analysis of the content of the "Eternal Ferment" and its relation to the teachings of the Illumination wisdom shows that neither the Eastern interpretation of Henry Corbin nor the Western interpretation of Wall Bridge is correct; In this article, we will explain the claim itself, evidence and reasons for this statement. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Daemon in ancient Greece and its connection with Daeva in Zoroastrian wisdom and Ginn in Islamic wisdom
Hojjatullah AskarizadehThere are common facts about the daimon in ancient Greece and the Davea in Zoroastrian wisdom and the genie (Jinn) in Islamic theology. Although in Greek wisdom, a distinction is made between daimon and Theos in some cases, but in most cases, daimon and divine affairs a MoreThere are common facts about the daimon in ancient Greece and the Davea in Zoroastrian wisdom and the genie (Jinn) in Islamic theology. Although in Greek wisdom, a distinction is made between daimon and Theos in some cases, but in most cases, daimon and divine affairs are confused, and this creates the challenge of how the gods of ancient Greece gradually become turned into demons and devils in the Middle Ages. In Zoroastrian wisdom, there is not only a distinction but also a complete opposition between the divine gods and the Daveas, the former being divine and good and the latter evil and satanic. In the Islamic worldview and teachings, there is a creature called a jinn, which is neither from the realm of angels nor is it absolutely evil or satanic On the one hand, it is close to the world of spiritual and angels, and can do supernatural and superhuman things, and on the other hand, in many cases, it is the source of evil and filth, which in this case is called Satan. Based on the approach of Muslim philosophers in the classification of spiritual and non-physical beings and the distinction they made between angels, righteous jinn and devils, the challenges of the ancient Greek daemons can be explained more precisely. This explanation will play an important role in understanding the origins of the opinions and schools of ancient wisdom, especially ancient Greek wisdom And the challenges of ancient Greek daemons and ancient wisdom can be explained Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Analysis of Proclus' reading of Aristotle's psychology based on the treatise on soul and theologia
Hajar Nili Ahmadabadi Hossein Kalbasi AshtarAwareness of the soul and its definition has had a special position and has. This position is somehow reflected in experimental sciences. Aristotle and Proclus, two representatives of the greatest and most influential ancient philosophical schools, namely the philosophy MoreAwareness of the soul and its definition has had a special position and has. This position is somehow reflected in experimental sciences. Aristotle and Proclus, two representatives of the greatest and most influential ancient philosophical schools, namely the philosophy of Masha and the Neoplatonic school, have paid special attention to this field and have dedicated a part of their main writings to this topic. The present article, focusing on the two main sources of the psychology among these two philosophers, aims to identify the points of commonality and difference in their views and to study the evolution and development of the subject, the definition, and what the soul is. While expressing two natural and metaphysical definitions, Aristotle considers the soul to be related to the body in the natural definition. He considers it independent of the body in the metaphysical definition and calls the soul the principle of life of a living being. By expressing natural and metaphysical definitions and a description of the soul, Proclus pursues a path close to Aristotle in his natural and metaphysical definition; But in the descriptive definition, he chooses a different path from Aristotle. He considers the truth of the soul to be self-made, self-animated, self-formed, and self-realized, and he believes that the soul is the principle of life, the cause of bodies, the reason for the existence of objects and their preservation, and in other words, the creator of their uniqueness and continuity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - تبیین الگوی دفاعی خواجه نصیرالدین طوسی از فلسفه اسلامی در برابر منتقدان
حسام الدین مؤمنی شهرکیخواجهنصیرالدین طوسی را میتوان در شمار برترین مدافعان فلسفۀ اسلامی در دوران غربت تفکر و فلسفه‌ورزی دانست. او با تلاشها و حمايتهاي علمي و فلسفي خود، مانع از خاموشی چراغ اين اندیشة اصيل شد. خواجه‌نصيرالدين براي دفاع از فلسفۀ اسلامي در برابر منتقدان آن، از روشي نظام‌مند به Moreخواجه‌نصیرالدین طوسی را میتوان در شمار برترین مدافعان فلسفۀ اسلامی در دوران غربت تفکر و فلسفه‌ورزی دانست. او با تلاشها و حمايتهاي علمي و فلسفي خود، مانع از خاموشی چراغ اين اندیشة اصيل شد. خواجه‌نصيرالدين براي دفاع از فلسفۀ اسلامي در برابر منتقدان آن، از روشي نظام‌مند بهره برده كه موجب تحول بنیادین در روند فلسفه و کلام اسلامی شد. پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از راهبردهاي توصیفی، تحلیلی و استدلالی و روشهای اسنادی، تحلیل منطقی و قیاسی، بدنبال تبیین نظام علمي‌ـ‌دفاعي خواجه‌نصير در مواجهه با منتقدان فلسفۀ اسلامی است. یافته¬های اين تحقیق نشان میدهند که شاخصه‌های روش نظام‌مند وی عبارتند از: تبيين عدم تعارض میان فلسفه و دین، گفتگو با ساير اندیشمندان، شرح فلسفة سینوی، نقد آراء مخالفـان و منتقـدان فلسفه، ترکیب فلسفة مشائـی و اشراقـی، نشان‌دادن کاربرد فلسفه با ارائة کلام فلسفی، رویکرد عقلی و بدون غرض‌ورزي در شرح و نقد، و رعایت اخلاق در نقد. نتایج پژوهش حاکی از آنست که عقل فلسفی و رويكرد عقلانی خواجه، اساس و محور اصلي نظام علمی‌ـ‌دفاعی اوست. Manuscript profile
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