Explanation of Russell's Problems in the Topic of Denoting Phrases Based on the Discussions of Muslim Philosophers
Subject Areas : Comparative studies in the field of history of philosophy
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Keywords: Russell, Non-existent, Mental existence Muslim philosophers,
Abstract :
Bertrand Russell, a British philosopher, is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy. Alongside Gottlob Frege and Ludwig Wittgenstein, he played a prominent role in the development of this philosophical movement. Russell sought to solve complex philosophical problems using mathematical logic and language analysis. It seems that the terms and concepts that analytical philosophers, especially Russell, struggle to explain in their mode of denotation find precise solutions in Islamic philosophy and logic. Despite Russell's recognition of the importance of universals in epistemology and cognition in his works, the precise classifications of universals made by Muslim philosophers are absent in the works of figures like Russell. The empiricist philosophy of the West, due to its neglect and denial of abstract universals, has failed to provide a correct explanation of the correspondence between concepts and objects, which is the very problem that analytical philosophers, including Russell, have encountered. However, Islamic scholars, by proposing precise discussions of universal concepts and distinguishing them into primary intelligibles (ma'qulat ula) or secondary philosophical and logical intelligibles (ma'qulat thaniya), have addressed the manner of correspondence and denotation of these concepts to reality. Additionally, by introducing the important topic of mental existence (wujud dhahni) in epistemology, they have been able to provide accurate explanations for non-existents and unreal objects, which are often neglected by Russell and analytical philosophers
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