Theory of Continuity in Stoic Physics
Subject Areas : Philosophical thoughts in ancient Iran
Mohammad Javad
Esmaeili
1
Sina
Masheyekhi
2
Keywords: Stoic physics theory of continuity pneuma tonos hexis Islamic philosophy,
Abstract :
This paper investigates the theory of continuity in Stoic physics based on some concepts such as pneuma (the soul), hexis (disposition), and tonos (tension) and refers to its consequences. Moreover, it demonstrates that Stoic philosophers have provided an organized analysis of the relationships among the animate and inanimate components of nature. This issue in Stoic physics is based on the theory of lack of vacuum in nature and its component parts. This theory connects the active elements in nature – God and the rational faculty – with the passive elements – non-organic nature. Therefore, through an analysis of the natural principles of Stoic philosophy, this paper initially explains the active element in physics, i.e. pneuma, and its various forms in nature including: a) its highest form or the rational faculty in human beings; b) its weaker form or hexis in the non-organic nature. Then it deals with the concept of continuity based on pneuma and demonstrates it empirically. Finally, it compares the theory of continuity based on Muslim philosophers’ interpretation of Stoic philosophy.
ابن‌سينا، حسين بن عبدالله، رسائل، تحقيق حلمي ضيا اولکن، جامعة استانبول، 1425.ق.#
ابن‌فارس، اح‍م‍د، معجم مقاييس‌اللغة، تحقيق و ضبط عبدالسلام محمد هارون، قم، الحوزه العلميه، مکتب‌الاعلام‌الاسلامي، مرکزالنشر، 1404.ق.#
افلاطون، مجموعه آثار، ترجمه محمدحسن لطفي، خوارزمي، 1380.#
برن، ژان، فلسفة رواقي، ترجمة سيد ابوالقاسم حسيني، انتشارات سيمرغ و اميركبير، 1362.#
بهارنژاد، زکريا، «رواقيان در فلسفه ملاصدرا»، فصلنامه تاريخ فلسفه، س3، ش10، 1391.#
سهيل افنان، محسن، واژه‌نامه فلسفي: فارسي عربي انگليسي فرانسه پهلوي يوناني لاتين، انتشارات حکمت، 1404.ق.#
شهرستاني، محمد بن عبدالکريم، الملل و النحل، تحقيق اميرعلي مهنا و علي‌حسن فاعور، بيروت، دارالمعرفه، 1993.م.#
ملاصدرا، الشواهد الربوبية في المنهاج السلوکية، حاشيه ملاهادي سبزواري، تصحيح و تعليق سيدجلال‌الدين آشتياني، تهران، مرکز نشر دانشگاهي، 1360.#
ملاصدرا، الحکمة المتعالية في الاسفار الاربعة العقلية، بيروت، دارا احياء التراث العربي، 1981.م.#
گمپرتس، تئودور، متفکران يوناني، ترجمه محمدحسن لطفي، خوارزمي، 1375.#
مشايخي، سينا، «تکليف از نظر رواقيان متأخر با تأکيد بر آراء اپيکتتوس و مارکوس اورليوس»، پايان‌نامه کارشناسي ارشد رشته فلسفه اخلاق، به راهنمايي محمدجواد اسماعيلي و مشاورت افلاطون صادقي، دانشگاه پيام نور، 1389.#
Algera, K., The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics, “Stoic Theology”, 2003.#
Aristotle, Physics, translated by R. P. Hardie and R. K. Gaye, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1930.#
Baltzly, Dirk, “Stoicism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (accessed at Summer 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL.#
http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/stoicism/>;. #
Benso, Silvia, “The Breathing of the Air: Presocratic Echoes in Levinas, in Levinas and the Ancients, Indiana University Press, 2008.#
Cicero, De Natura Deorum; Academica; De fato, with an English translation by H. Rackham, Loeb Classical Library, London, Heinemann, 1948, 1951.#
Clemens, Alexandrinus, Stromateis, Patrologia Graeca, Paris, Garnier, vol. 9, 1890.#
Craig, Edward, “Stoicism”, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 9, Taylor & Francis, 1998.#
Diogenes Laertius, Vitae Philosophoruin, with an English translation by A. D. Hicks, Loeb Classical Library, London, Heinemann, 2 vols, 1950.#
Epicurus, The Extant Remains, (and later), Text, trans. and commentary, ed. C. Bailey, Oxford, 1926.#
Freudenthal, Gad, Aristotle’s Theory of Material Substance: Heat and Pneuma, Form and Soul, Oxford: Clarendon, Oxford University Press, 1999.#
Furley, David, Routledge History of Philosophy, vol:ii, from Aristotle to Augustine, Rotledge, Stoicism by Inwood, Brad, 1999.#
Gellius, Aulus, Noctes Atticae, with an English translation by J. C. Rolfe, Loeb Classical Library, London, Heinemann, 3 vols, 1948.#
Gill, C., The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics, “The School in the Roman Imperial Period”, 2003.#
Hicks, Robert Drew, Stoic and Epicurean, Robarts, University of Toronto, 1910.#
Inwood, Brad & Lloyd, P., The Stoics Reader -Selected Writings and Testimonia, translated, with Introduction, by Brad Inwood & Lloyd P. Gerson, Hackett Publishing Company, Inc, 2008.#
Inwood, Brad and Donini, Pierluigi, The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy, “Stoic Ethics” in Algra, Keimpe, et al. eds. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999.#
Karsten, Friis Johansen, A History of Ancient Philosophy: From the Beginning to Augustine, Routledge, 1999.#
Long, A. A., Epictetus: A Stoic and Socratic Guide to Life, Clarendon Press, 2002.#
Miller, F., and Inwood, B., Hellenistic and Early Modern Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.#
Nemesius of Emesa, De Natura Hominis, The Hellenistic Philosophers, I-II, in translation of A.A. Long and D. Sedley, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1987. #
Philip J. Van Der Eijk, “The Heart, the Brain, the Blood and the Pneuma: Hippocrates, Diocles and Aristotle on the Location of Cognitive Processes”, in Medicine and Philosophy in Classical Antiquity: Doctors and Philosophers on Nature, Soul, Health and Disease, Cambridge University Press, 2005.#
Sambursky, Samuel, Physics of the Stoics, London, 1959.#
Sedley, David, “Stoic Physics and Metaphysics”, in The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy, 1999.#
Sedley, David, The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics, ”The School, from Zeno to Arius Didymus”, 2003.#
Sellars, John, Stoicism, University of California Press, 2006.#
Sextus Empiricus, Sextus Empiricus, with an English translation by R. G. Bury, Loeb Classical Library, London, Heinemann, 4 vols, 1939-1957.#
Sharples, R. W., Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics, an Introduction to Hellenistic Philosophy, Routledge Publication, 1996.#
Taylor, C. C. W., The Atomists: Leucippus and Democritus, University of Toronto Press, 1999.#
Tood, Robert, Alexander of Aphrodisias, on Stoic Physics: A Study of the De Mexitione With Preliminary Essays, With Preliminary Essays, Text, Translation and Commentary, Leiden E.J. Brill, 1976.#
Ullmann, Manfred, Islamic Medicine (Islamic Surveys II), Edinburgh University Press, 1978.#
Walbridge, J. The Leaven of the Ancients, Suhrawardi and the Heritage of the Greeks, State University of New York Press, 2000.#
White, J., M., The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics, ” Stoic Natural Philosophy: Physics and Cosmology”, 2003.#
Zeyl, Donald, Encyclopedia of Classical Philosophy, Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, 1997.#